pgsql: Add more LOG messages when starting and ending recovery from a b

Add more LOG messages when starting and ending recovery from a backup

Three LOG messages are added in the recovery code paths, providing
information that can be useful to track corruption issues depending on
the state of the cluster, telling that:
- Recovery has started from a backup_label.
- Recovery is restarting from a backup start LSN, without a
backup_label.
- Recovery has completed from a backup.

This was originally applied on HEAD as of 1d35f705e191, and there is
consensus that this can be useful for older versions.  This applies
cleanly down to 15, so do it down to this version for now (older
versions have heavily refactored the WAL recovery paths, making the
change less straight-forward to do).

Author: Andres Freund
Reviewed-by: David Steele, Laurenz Albe, Michael Paquier
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20231117041811.vz4vgkthwjnwp2pp@awork3.anarazel.de
Backpatch-through: 15

Branch
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REL_16_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/edbd1b41ab5bd4be06dbebb3c60149f7910d7c5c

Modified Files
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src/backend/access/transam/xlogrecovery.c | 34 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
1 file changed, 34 insertions(+)