pgsql: Fix failure to verify PGC_[SU_]BACKEND GUCs in pg_file_settings

Fix failure to verify PGC_[SU_]BACKEND GUCs in pg_file_settings view.

set_config_option() bails out early if it detects that the option to
be set is PGC_BACKEND or PGC_SU_BACKEND class and we're reading the
config file in a postmaster child; we don't want to apply any new
value in such a case.  That's fine as far as it goes, but it fails
to consider the requirements of the pg_file_settings view: for that,
we need to check validity of the value even though we have no
intention to apply it.  Because we didn't, even very silly values
for affected GUCs would be reported as valid by the view.  There
are only half a dozen such GUCs, which perhaps explains why this
got overlooked for so long.

Fix by continuing when changeVal is false; this parallels the logic
in some other early-exit paths.

Also, the check added by commit 924bcf4f1 to prevent GUC changes in
parallel workers seems a few bricks shy of a load: it's evidently
assuming that ereport(elevel, ...) won't return.  Make sure we
bail out if it does.  The lack of trouble reports suggests that
this is only a latent bug, i.e. parallel workers don't actually
reach here with elevel < ERROR.  (Per the code coverage report,
we never reach here at all in the regression suite.)  But we clearly
don't want to risk proceeding if that does happen.

Per report from Rıdvan Korkmaz.  These are ancient bugs, so back-patch
to all supported branches.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/2089235.1703617353@sss.pgh.pa.us

Branch
------
REL_13_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/cb88f44ec805a338eafe8b88c8f25b6eb1be5838

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/utils/misc/guc.c | 9 ++++++++-
1 file changed, 8 insertions(+), 1 deletion(-)