pgsql: Allow extracting fields from a ROW() expression in more cases.

Allow extracting fields from a ROW() expression in more cases.

Teach get_expr_result_type() to manufacture a tuple descriptor directly
from a RowExpr node.  If the RowExpr has type RECORD, this is the only
way to get a tupdesc for its result, since even if the rowtype has been
blessed, we don't have its typmod available at this point.  (If the
RowExpr has some named composite type, we continue to let the existing
code handle it, since the RowExpr might well not have the correct column
names embedded in it.)

This fixes assorted corner cases illustrated by the added regression
tests.

This is a back-patch of the v13-era commit 8b7a0f1d1 into previous
branches.  At the time I'd judged it not important enough to back-patch,
but the upcoming fix for bug #18077 includes a test case that depends
on this working correctly; and 8b7a0f1d1 has now aged long enough to
have good confidence that it won't break anything.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/10872.1572202006@sss.pgh.pa.us
Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3607145.1694803130@sss.pgh.pa.us

Branch
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REL_11_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/ece1154f4c892585ee824a2bde764ff85169b021

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/utils/fmgr/funcapi.c       | 32 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/expected/rowtypes.out | 39 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/rowtypes.sql      |  9 ++++++++
3 files changed, 80 insertions(+)