pgsql: postgres_fdw: Avoid 'variable not found in subplan target list'

postgres_fdw: Avoid 'variable not found in subplan target list' error.

The tlist of the EvalPlanQual outer plan for a ForeignScan node is
adjusted to produce a tuple whose descriptor matches the scan tuple slot
for the ForeignScan node.  But in the case where the outer plan contains
an extra Sort node, if the new tlist contained columns required only for
evaluating PlaceHolderVars or columns required only for evaluating local
conditions, this would cause setrefs.c to fail with the error.

The cause of this is that when creating the outer plan by injecting the
Sort node into an alternative local join plan that could emit such extra
columns as well, we fail to arrange for the outer plan to propagate them
up through the Sort node, causing setrefs.c to fail to match up them in
the new tlist to what is available from the outer plan.  Repair.

Per report from Alexander Pyhalov.

Richard Guo and Etsuro Fujita, reviewed by Alexander Pyhalov and Tom Lane.
Backpatch to all supported versions.

Discussion: http://postgr.es/m/cfb17bf6dfdf876467bd5ef533852d18%40postgrespro.ru

Branch
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REL_11_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/07d81d1e5b7516c5784ec598d362a848b5c9ee55

Modified Files
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contrib/postgres_fdw/expected/postgres_fdw.out | 83 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++
contrib/postgres_fdw/postgres_fdw.c            | 49 +++++++++++++++
contrib/postgres_fdw/sql/postgres_fdw.sql      | 18 ++++++
3 files changed, 150 insertions(+)