pgsql: Fix psql \d's query for identifying parent triggers.

Fix psql \d's query for identifying parent triggers.

The original coding (from c33869cc3) failed with "more than one row
returned by a subquery used as an expression" if there were unrelated
triggers of the same tgname on parent partitioned tables.  (That's
possible because statement-level triggers don't get inherited.)  Fix
by applying LIMIT 1 after sorting the candidates by inheritance level.

Also, wrap the subquery in a CASE so that we don't have to execute it at
all when the trigger is visibly non-inherited.  Aside from saving some
cycles, this avoids the need for a confusing and undocumented NULLIF().

While here, tweak the format of the emitted query to look a bit
nicer for "psql -E", and add some explanation of this subquery,
because it badly needs it.

Report and patch by Justin Pryzby (with some editing by me).
Back-patch to v13 where the faulty code came in.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20211217154356.GJ17618@telsasoft.com

Branch
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REL_14_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/3886785b4ce59147b92319e7204ab64a9d8801cb

Modified Files
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src/bin/psql/describe.c                | 45 +++++++++++++++++++++++++---------
src/test/regress/expected/triggers.out | 14 +++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/triggers.sql      |  5 ++++
3 files changed, 53 insertions(+), 11 deletions(-)