pgsql: Fix CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY for the newest prepared transactio

Fix CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY for the newest prepared transactions.

The purpose of commit 8a54e12a38d1545d249f1402f66c8cde2837d97c was to
fix this, and it sufficed when the PREPARE TRANSACTION completed before
the CIC looked for lock conflicts.  Otherwise, things still broke.  As
before, in a cluster having used CIC while having enabled prepared
transactions, queries that use the resulting index can silently fail to
find rows.  It may be necessary to reindex to recover from past
occurrences; REINDEX CONCURRENTLY suffices.  Fix this for future index
builds by making CIC wait for arbitrarily-recent prepared transactions
and for ordinary transactions that may yet PREPARE TRANSACTION.  As part
of that, have PREPARE TRANSACTION transfer locks to its dummy PGPROC
before it calls ProcArrayClearTransaction().  Back-patch to 9.6 (all
supported versions).

Andrey Borodin, reviewed (in earlier versions) by Andres Freund.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/01824242-AA92-4FE9-9BA7-AEBAFFEA3D0C@yandex-team.ru

Branch
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REL_12_STABLE

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/fe5d44a1d38fc6c2a1adddf2eaf28726f93d2399

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/amcheck/t/003_cic_2pc.pl      | 188 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/backend/access/transam/twophase.c |  63 +++++++++++-
src/backend/access/transam/xact.c     |   8 +-
src/backend/storage/lmgr/lmgr.c       |   7 +-
src/backend/storage/lmgr/lock.c       | 105 ++++++++++++++-----
src/backend/utils/cache/inval.c       |  14 +++
src/include/access/twophase.h         |   2 +
src/include/storage/lock.h            |  11 +-
src/test/perl/PostgresNode.pm         |  90 ++++++++++++++++
9 files changed, 452 insertions(+), 36 deletions(-)