pgsql: Extend the output plugin API to allow decoding of prepared xacts

Extend the output plugin API to allow decoding of prepared xacts.

This adds six methods to the output plugin API, adding support for
streaming changes of two-phase transactions at prepare time.

* begin_prepare
* filter_prepare
* prepare
* commit_prepared
* rollback_prepared
* stream_prepare

Most of this is a simple extension of the existing methods, with the
semantic difference that the transaction is not yet committed and maybe
aborted later.

Until now two-phase transactions were translated into regular transactions
on the subscriber, and the GID was not forwarded to it. None of the
two-phase commands were communicated to the subscriber.

This patch provides the infrastructure for logical decoding plugins to be
informed of two-phase commands Like PREPARE TRANSACTION, COMMIT PREPARED
and ROLLBACK PREPARED commands with the corresponding GID.

This also extends the 'test_decoding' plugin, implementing these new
methods.

This commit simply adds these new APIs and the upcoming patch to "allow
the decoding at prepare time in ReorderBuffer" will use these APIs.

Author: Ajin Cherian and Amit Kapila based on previous work by Nikhil Sontakke and Stas Kelvich
Reviewed-by: Amit Kapila, Peter Smith, Sawada Masahiko, and Dilip Kumar
Discussion:
https://postgr.es/m/02DA5F5E-CECE-4D9C-8B4B-418077E2C010@postgrespro.ru
https://postgr.es/m/CAMGcDxeqEpWj3fTXwqhSwBdXd2RS9jzwWscO-XbeCfso6ts3+Q@mail.gmail.com

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/0aa8a01d04c8fe200b7a106878eebc3d0af9105c

Modified Files
--------------
contrib/test_decoding/test_decoding.c     | 167 +++++++++++++++++
doc/src/sgml/logicaldecoding.sgml         | 172 ++++++++++++++++-
src/backend/replication/logical/logical.c | 297 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/include/replication/logical.h         |   6 +
src/include/replication/output_plugin.h   |  56 ++++++
src/include/replication/reorderbuffer.h   |  41 +++++
src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list          |  12 ++
7 files changed, 744 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)