pgsql: Prevent concurrent SimpleLruTruncate() for any given SLRU.

Prevent concurrent SimpleLruTruncate() for any given SLRU.

The SimpleLruTruncate() header comment states the new coding rule.  To
achieve this, add locktype "frozenid" and two LWLocks.  This closes a
rare opportunity for data loss, which manifested as "apparent
wraparound" or "could not access status of transaction" errors.  Data
loss is more likely in pg_multixact, due to released branches' thin
margin between multiStopLimit and multiWrapLimit.  If a user's physical
replication primary logged ":  apparent wraparound" messages, the user
should rebuild standbys of that primary regardless of symptoms.  At less
risk is a cluster having emitted "not accepting commands" errors or
"must be vacuumed" warnings at some point.  One can test a cluster for
this data loss by running VACUUM FREEZE in every database.  Back-patch
to 9.5 (all supported versions).

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20190218073103.GA1434723@rfd.leadboat.com

Branch
------
REL9_5_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/3fbbf64ceecbd0fe675850070ea1e5d77c401c4f

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/catalogs.sgml            |  4 +++-
src/backend/access/transam/slru.c     |  8 ++++++++
src/backend/access/transam/subtrans.c |  4 ++--
src/backend/commands/async.c          | 37 +++++++++++++++++++++++++----------
src/backend/commands/vacuum.c         | 13 ++++++++++++
src/backend/storage/lmgr/lmgr.c       | 20 +++++++++++++++++++
src/backend/utils/adt/lockfuncs.c     | 12 ++++++++++++
src/include/storage/lmgr.h            |  3 +++
src/include/storage/lock.h            | 10 ++++++++++
src/include/storage/lwlock.h          |  4 +++-
10 files changed, 101 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)