pgsql: Force tuple conversion when the source has missing attributes.

Force tuple conversion when the source has missing attributes.

Tuple conversion incorrectly concluded that no conversion was needed
as long as all the attributes lined up. But if the source tuple has a
missing attribute (from addition of a column with default), then the
destination tupdesc might not reflect the same default. The typical
symptom was that the affected columns would be unexpectedly NULL.

Repair by always forcing conversion if the source has missing
attributes, which will be filled in by the deform operation. (In
theory we could optimize for when the destination has the same
default, but that seemed overkill.)

Backpatch to 11 where missing attributes were added.

Per bug #16242.

Vik Fearing (discovery, code, testing) and me (analysis, testcase).

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/16242-d1c9fca28445966b@postgresql.org

Branch
------
master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/bf6cc19e347d4cb8dfc8f05a59171ac06e18b5e5

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/access/common/attmap.c        | 12 ++++++----
src/test/regress/expected/alter_table.out | 38 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/sql/alter_table.sql      | 39 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
3 files changed, 85 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)