pgsql: Support for INCLUDE attributes in GiST indexes

Support for INCLUDE attributes in GiST indexes

Similarly to B-tree, GiST index access method gets support of INCLUDE
attributes.  These attributes aren't used for tree navigation and aren't
present in non-leaf pages.  But they are present in leaf pages and can be
fetched during index-only scan.

The point of having INCLUDE attributes in GiST indexes is slightly different
from the point of having them in B-tree.  The main point of INCLUDE attributes
in B-tree is to define UNIQUE constraint over part of attributes enabled for
index-only scan.  In GiST the main point of INCLUDE attributes is to use
index-only scan for attributes, whose data types don't have GiST opclasses.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/73A1A452-AD5F-40D4-BD61-978622FF75C1%40yandex-team.ru
Author: Andrey Borodin, with small changes by me
Reviewed-by: Andreas Karlsson

Branch
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master

Details
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https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/f2e403803fe6deb8cff59ea09dff42c6163b2110

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/indices.sgml                          |   6 +-
doc/src/sgml/ref/create_index.sgml                 |   8 +-
doc/src/sgml/textsearch.sgml                       |   6 +
src/backend/access/gist/gist.c                     |  41 ++++-
src/backend/access/gist/gistget.c                  |   8 +-
src/backend/access/gist/gistscan.c                 |  13 +-
src/backend/access/gist/gistsplit.c                |  14 +-
src/backend/access/gist/gistutil.c                 |  53 +++++--
src/include/access/gist_private.h                  |   4 +-
src/test/regress/expected/amutils.out              |   4 +-
src/test/regress/expected/index_including.out      |   8 +-
src/test/regress/expected/index_including_gist.out | 166 +++++++++++++++++++++
src/test/regress/parallel_schedule                 |   2 +-
src/test/regress/serial_schedule                   |   1 +
src/test/regress/sql/index_including.sql           |   6 +-
src/test/regress/sql/index_including_gist.sql      |  90 +++++++++++
16 files changed, 382 insertions(+), 48 deletions(-)