pgsql: Avoid using unsafe search_path settings during dump andrestore.

Avoid using unsafe search_path settings during dump and restore.

Historically, pg_dump has "set search_path = foo, pg_catalog" when
dumping an object in schema "foo", and has also caused that setting
to be used while restoring the object.  This is problematic because
functions and operators in schema "foo" could capture references meant
to refer to pg_catalog entries, both in the queries issued by pg_dump
and those issued during the subsequent restore run.  That could
result in dump/restore misbehavior, or in privilege escalation if a
nefarious user installs trojan-horse functions or operators.

This patch changes pg_dump so that it does not change the search_path
dynamically.  The emitted restore script sets the search_path to what
was used at dump time, and then leaves it alone thereafter.  Created
objects are placed in the correct schema, regardless of the active
search_path, by dint of schema-qualifying their names in the CREATE
commands, as well as in subsequent ALTER and ALTER-like commands.

Since this change requires a change in the behavior of pg_restore
when processing an archive file made according to this new convention,
bump the archive file version number; old versions of pg_restore will
therefore refuse to process files made with new versions of pg_dump.

Security: CVE-2018-1058

Branch
------
REL9_4_STABLE

Details
-------
https://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/9f6e5296a15f541b04ecdfc077957ccaf2f6e49a

Modified Files
--------------
src/backend/utils/adt/ruleutils.c                |   50 +-
src/bin/pg_dump/dumputils.c                      |   82 +-
src/bin/pg_dump/dumputils.h                      |    6 +-
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup.h                      |    3 +
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup_archiver.c             |   53 +-
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup_archiver.h             |    6 +-
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dump.c                        | 1593 +++++++++-------------
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_dumpall.c                     |   36 +-
src/test/regress/expected/collate.linux.utf8.out |   12 +-
src/test/regress/expected/collate.out            |   12 +-
src/test/regress/expected/rules.out              |   58 +-
src/test/regress/expected/triggers.out           |   12 +-
12 files changed, 842 insertions(+), 1081 deletions(-)