pgsql: Fix tar files emitted by pg_dump and pg_basebackup to be POSIX c

Fix tar files emitted by pg_dump and pg_basebackup to be POSIX conformant.

Both programs got the "magic" string wrong, causing standard-conforming tar
implementations to believe the output was just legacy tar format without
any POSIX extensions.  This doesn't actually matter that much, especially
since pg_dump failed to fill the POSIX fields anyway, but still there is
little point in emitting tar format if we can't be compliant with the
standard.  In addition, pg_dump failed to write the EOF marker correctly
(there should be 2 blocks of zeroes not just one), pg_basebackup put the
numeric group ID in the wrong place, and both programs had a pretty
brain-dead idea of how to compute the checksum.  Fix all that and improve
the comments a bit.

pg_restore is modified to accept either the correct POSIX-compliant "magic"
string or the previous value.  This part of the change will need to be
back-patched to avoid an unnecessary compatibility break when a previous
version tries to read tar-format output from 9.3 pg_dump.

Brian Weaver and Tom Lane

Branch
------
master

Details
-------
http://git.postgresql.org/pg/commitdiff/05b555d12bc2ad0d581f48a12b45174db41dc10d

Modified Files
--------------
doc/src/sgml/protocol.sgml           |    8 ++-
src/backend/replication/basebackup.c |   63 +++++++++++++++---------
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup_tar.c      |   87 ++++++++++++++++++++-------------
src/bin/pg_dump/pg_backup_tar.h      |   21 +++++----
4 files changed, 110 insertions(+), 69 deletions(-)