BUG #18260: Unexpected error: "negative bitmapset member not allowed" triggered by multiple JOIN

The following bug has been logged on the website:

Bug reference:      18260
Logged by:          Zuming Jiang
Email address:      zuming.jiang@inf.ethz.ch
PostgreSQL version: 16.1
Operating system:   Ubuntu 20.04
Description:

My fuzzer finds a bug in Postgres 17devel, which triggers an unexpected
error "ERROR:  negative bitmapset member not allowed".

--- Set up database ---
create table t0 (vkey int4, c1 numeric);
create table t1 (vkey int4, c9 text, primary key(vkey));
create view t3 as
select
    ref_3.c1 as c_0,
    ref_3.c1 as c_2,
    null::int4 as c_4,
    right(ref_2.c9, ref_2.vkey) as c_6
  from
    ((select ref_0.vkey as c_2 from t1 as ref_0) as subq_0
      left outer join (t1 as ref_2
            right outer join t0 as ref_3
            on (ref_2.vkey = ref_3.vkey))
      on (subq_0.c_2 = ref_3.vkey));

The fuzzer generates a test case:

--- Test case ---
with cte_1 as (select
    ref_1.c_0 as c_2,
    ref_1.c_4 as c_3,
    case when (nullif(ref_1.c_2, ref_1.c_0) <> (
          select
              ref_53.c_2 as c_0
            from
              (t1 as ref_52 left outer join t3 as ref_53 on true)
            where (ref_53.c_6) ~~ (ref_53.c_6)
            order by c_0 limit 1)
          ) then null else null end
         as c_4
  from
    t3 as ref_1)
select 1
  from
    cte_1 as ref_33
  where (ref_33.c_2 > (
        select
            ref_200.c_2 as c_0
          from
            t3 as ref_200
          window w0 as (partition by ref_33.c_3 order by ref_33.c_4 desc)
          order by c_0 limit 1));

--- Expected behavior ---
The test case should not trigger any error.

--- Actual behavior ---
The test case trigger an error: 

ERROR:  negative bitmapset member not allowed

--- Postgres version ---
Github commit: 0eac3c798c2d223d6557a5440d7534317dbd4fa0
Version: PostgreSQL 17devel on x86_64-pc-linux-gnu, compiled by gcc (Ubuntu
9.4.0-1ubuntu1~20.04.1) 9.4.0, 64-bit

--- Platform information ---
Platform: Ubuntu 20.04
Kernel: Linux 5.4.0-147-generic